病人傅油圣事是天主教、东正教和一些新教教会的圣事。

这圣事的旧称临终圣事或终傅圣事由12世纪末起在西方天主教会使用，直到梵蒂冈第二届大公会议废止，但意大利很多信徒仍称呼这圣事为Estrema Unzione；在东正教会这名称则未有广泛使用。改名原因是信徒可以多次接受圣事，不用等到临终，施行圣事亦非预料病人已是临终。有段时期这圣事只施行予快逝世的人，以避免在圣事后病人再有犯罪；但在梵蒂冈第二届大公会议后已停止这做法。

病人傅油圣事依据的主要圣经经文为「你们中间有患病的吗？他该请教会的长老们来；他们该为他祈祷，因主的名给他傅油：出于信德的祈祷，必救那病人，主必使他起来；并且如果他犯了罪，也必得蒙赦免。」（雅各伯书5章14,15节）

Anointing of the Sick is a sacrament of the Catholic Church that is administered to a Catholic "who, having reached the age of reason, begins to be in danger due to sickness or old age", except in the case of those who "persevere obstinately in manifest grave sin". Proximate danger of death, the occasion for the administration of Viaticum, is not required, but only the onset of a medical condition considered to be a possible prelude to death.