Sequence alignment, building phylogenetic trees to look at evolutionary relationships.

序列排列，建立系统发育树来观察进化关系。

DNA contains a record of the evolutionary relationships between all organisms.

DNA 中记录着所有物种的进化关系。

The movements of animals, population trends, evolutionary relationships, interactions between genes, or how diseases spread.

动物的运动、种群趋势、进化关系、基因之间的相互作用或疾病如何传播。

A tree of life is a tool that biologists use to see the evolutionary relationships among plants, animals and other life forms.

生命树是生物学家用来观察植物、动物和其他生命形式之间进化关系的工具。

Phylogeny is evolutionary relationship that every organism has to its ancestors and its descendants.

系统发育是每个生物与其祖先和后代之间的进化关系。

Think about evolutionary relationships between animals as a branching tree.

将动物之间的进化关系想象成一棵分支树。

In this lesson, we are going to discuss dinosaur evolution and dinosaur evolutionary relationships.

这节课，我们要讨论恐龙的进化和恐龙的进化关系。

You can draw a tree of all these plants that shows their evolutionary relationships, kind of like how you might draw your family tree.

你可以画出所有这些植物的树来显示它们的进化关系，就像你画家谱一样。

This is why we use many characters, rather than just one, to determine evolutionary relationships between species.

这就是为什么我们使用许多特征而不是一个特征来确定物种之间的进化关系。

Scientists can decode the history of humans to show evolutionary relationships using different types of DNA. These researchers chose to focus on Y chromosomes.

科学家可以使用不同类型的 DNA 解码人类历史，以显示进化关系。这些研究人员选择专注于 Y 染色体。

But by analyzing the DNA of 112 different anemone species, the biologists were able to get a clearer sense of their evolutionary relationships and reorganize their family tree.

但通过分析 112 种不同海葵物种的 DNA，生物学家能够更清楚地了解它们的进化关系并重组它们的家谱。

But based on what we know about their evolutionary relationships with other reptiles, we think that snakes evolved from a four-limbed ancestor, sometime before the Middle Jurassic Period, 167 million years ago.

但根据我们对它们与其他爬行动物的进化关系的了解，我们认为蛇是在 1.67 亿年前的中侏罗纪之前的某个时候从四肢祖先进化而来的。

DNA contains a record of the evolutionary relationships between all organisms. It’s a garbled record – but by reading closely, we’ve been able to glean enough information to refine the evolutionary trees we started drawing long before genome sequencing was around.

DNA 记录了所有生物之间的进化关系。这是一个乱码的记录——但通过仔细阅读，我们已经能够收集到足够的信息来完善我们在基因组测序出现之前很久就开始绘制的进化树。