难产（Obstructed labour）是指分娩时，子宫虽然正常收缩，但却因物理因素无法顺利产出胎儿的情形。难产诱发的并发症除了因胎儿缺氧造成致命性的周产期窒息，母体也可能遭受感染、子宫破裂，或出现产后出血的情形。母体的长期的并发症包括生产性瘘管。一般相信难产的主因是滞产，即生产过程超过一般约12小时的分娩时程。难产可能导致包括胎儿死亡、呼吸困难、脑细胞受损等问题。

造成难产的主要因素包括：胎儿体型较大或胎位不正、骨盆腔狭小以及产道异常。胎位不正，包括肩难产（Shoulder Dystocia），是指胎儿头部分娩后，前肩无法顺利从耻骨下通过。造成骨盆腔狭小的危险因子包括营养不良以及缺乏日照所造成的维生素D缺乏症。青少年产妇由于骨盆腔尚未发育完全，也较常见有骨盆腔狭小的问题。产道问题则包含了狭窄的阴道和会阴部，可能的成因是女性生殖器切割或是肿瘤。产程图常用来追踪产程进展并诊断产程问题。产程图配合理学检查可诊断出难产。

Obstructed labour, also known as labour dystocia, is when, even though the uterus is contracting normally, the baby does not exit the pelvis during childbirth due to being physically blocked. Complications for the baby include not getting enough oxygen which may result in death. It increases the risk of the mother getting an infection, having uterine rupture, or having post-partum bleeding. Long term complications for the mother include obstetrical fistula. Obstructed labour is said to result in prolonged labour, when the active phase of labour is longer than twelve hours.