The testing of the Owlstone breathalyzer is currently limited to patients with suspected esophageal and stomach cancers.

欧尔斯通呼吸测试仪的测试目前仅限于食道癌和胃癌的疑似患者。

Esophageal cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths around the world. Most cases are reported in developing countries.

食道癌是全球癌症患者死亡的主要原因。大多数病例发生在发展中国家。

Alright, as a quick recap, esophageal cancer is the uncontrolled growth of esophageal epithelial cells.

得！快速回顾一下：食管癌指的是食管上皮细胞的不受控生长。

So oral bacteria might increase the risk of esophageal cancer, especially porphyromonas gingivalis, which has been detected in cancerous tissues.

口腔细菌还可能会增加食管癌的风险，尤其是牙龈卟啉单胞菌，其已在癌组织中被检测到。

Unfortunately, esophageal cancer is usually diagnosed in advanced stages, so it's considered a poor prognosis cancer.

不幸的是，食管癌往往都是在晚期才被确诊，所以总的来说，食管癌是一种预后不佳的癌症。

Barrett’s esophagus, which can elevate the risk of esophageal cancer.

巴雷特食管，可增加患食管癌的风险。

But for breast and esophageal cancer, the risk increases, albeit slightly, with any alcohol consumption.

但对于乳腺癌和食道癌来说，饮酒后患乳腺癌和食道癌的风险会略有增加，尽管略有增加。

And some cancers use other staging criteria, like esophageal cancers, which are staged based on how deeply the tumor invades the layers of tissue.

还有一些癌症使用其他分期标准，比如食道癌，其分期标准是肿瘤侵入组织层的深度。

Also, some of these conditions, such as esophageal cancer, are pretty rare, so increasing your risk slightly won't have a huge impact.

此外，其中一些疾病（例如食道癌）非常罕见，因此稍微增加风险不会产生巨大影响。

At South Africa's University of Witwatersrand, geneticist Christopher Mathew is studying a kind of esophageal cancer common in Africa but rare in North America, and therefore neglected by research.

在南非威特沃特斯兰德大学，遗传学家克里斯多夫·马修正在研究一种食道癌，这种食道癌在非洲很常见但在北美很少见，因此一直被研究人员忽视。

Now, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of esophageal cancer worldwide, and it originates in the squamous epithelium of the esophagus, most often in the upper two thirds.

鳞癌是世界上最常见的食管癌类型，来源于食管鳞状上皮层，最常见于食管上三分之二。

This is called Barrett's esophagus - or Barrett's metaplasia, and the cylindrical epithelium has a greater risk of degenerating into a particular type of esophageal cancer, called adenocarcinoma.

这被称为Barrett食管或Barrett化生，而柱状上皮有更大的风险退化为一种特殊类型的食管癌，称为腺癌。

Following imaging studies, esophageal cancer is staged according to the TNM system, where T means tumor size and local extension, N stands for lymph node metastases and M stands for distant metastases.

完成影像学检查后，食管癌要根据TNM系统进行分期：T代表肿瘤大小和邻近组织受累范围，N代表淋巴结转移，M代表远端转移。

If the biopsy shows normal intestinal cells under the microscope, and there are signs of inflammation, this is called non-dysplastic Barrett's, and the risk of developing esophageal cancer is very low.

在显微镜下，活检如果显示是正常的小肠细胞，并且有炎症的征象，这就是非异型增生的Barrett食管，而患食管癌的风险很低。

Alcohol is known to be a direct cause of seven different cancers: head and neck cancers (oral cavity, pharynx and larynx), esophageal cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer.

已知酒精是七种不同癌症的直接原因：头颈癌（口腔癌、咽癌和喉癌）、食道癌、肝癌、乳腺癌和结直肠癌。

Diagnosis of esophageal cancer is essentially made with endoscopy, which is when a tube with a camera at the end is placed into the esophagus to directly visualize the tumor and take a biopsy.

要诊断食管癌，须进行内镜检查；内镜是一根末端是摄像头的管子，将其放入食管，可以直接看见肿瘤，并采样活检。

On the other hand, adenocarcinoma is the most common type of esophageal cancer in the United States of America, and it originates in the columnar glandular epithelium, most often in the lower third of the esophagus.

另一方面，腺癌是在美国最常见的食管癌类型；腺癌起源于柱状腺上皮细胞，最常位于食管的下三分之一。

Each of these categories have substages: so from T0 to T4, from N0 to N3, and M0 or M1, and the combinations of these substages determine the esophageal cancer stage, from 0 to IV.

以上三类分为以下亚分期：从T0到T4，从N0到N3，从M0到M1，以上亚分期的组合决定了食管癌的分期；分期可处于0到IV期。