α粒子（英语：Alpha particle）是一种放射性粒子，由两个质子及两个中子组成，并不带任何电子，亦即等同于氦-4的内核，或电离化后的氦-4，He。

通常具有放射性而原子量较大的化学元素，会透过α衰变放射出α粒子，从而变成较轻的元素，直至该元素稳定为止。由于α粒子的体积比较大，又带两个正电荷，很容易就可以电离其他物质。因此，它的能量亦散失得较快，穿透能力在众多电离辐射中是最弱的，人类的皮肤或一张纸已能隔阻α粒子。

Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus. They are generally produced in the process of alpha decay, but may also be produced in other ways. Alpha particles are named after the first letter in the Greek alphabet, α. The symbol for the alpha particle is α or α. Because they are identical to helium nuclei, they are also sometimes written as He2+ or 4
2He2+ indicating a helium ion with a +2 charge (missing its two electrons). If the ion gains electrons from its environment, the alpha particle can be written as a normal (electrically neutral) helium atom 4
2He.