环境应力筛选（Environmental Stress Screening，ESS）是指对产品施加环境与工作应力，如温度、振动等，使得利用一般功能检验所无法测得之潜在疵病提前暴露出来，从而即早发现瑕疵而将之剔除，以达到品质管制的目的。

原先筛选代表传统的品管筛选、铸造件的非破坏检验（如X光、染色探伤等）与高压容器的耐压试验等，针对电子产品之筛选使用环境应力，其汰弱功效显著，在1979年后可靠度应力筛选（Reliability Stress Screening）渐成一独立工作领域，其为ESS的扩充，是盛行于电子产业的品质与可靠度保证方法，除将在制程中因问题材料或不良工艺等所造成的瑕疵品剔除外，也可对此非设计疵病加以修改，以提高电子产品生产品质，满足规格要求。

Environmental stress screening (ESS) refers to the process of exposing a newly manufactured or repaired product or component (typically electronic) to stresses such as thermal cycling and vibration in order to force latent defects to manifest themselves by permanent or catastrophic failure during the screening process. The surviving population, upon completion of screening, can be assumed to have a higher reliability than a similar unscreened population.