根管治疗术，又称牙髓治疗，一般较常听到的俗称为抽神经，粤语称杜牙根，是牙医学中治疗牙髓坏死和牙根感染的一种手术。该手术保留了牙齿，因而与拔牙术互补。

牙齿中间空洞的部分包含称为牙髓的软组织。空洞上部宽阔，称为牙髓腔，下部有管状的根管，由之导出牙神经和营养神经的血管。人类一般每颗牙齿有1-4个根管，后部的牙齿根管最多。

牙髓发生感染，会造成疼痛、颌骨感染，最终牙齿因为牙神经的死亡而变得脆弱。

Endodontic therapy or root canal therapy is a sequence of treatment for the infected pulp of a tooth which results in the elimination of infection and the protection of the decontaminated tooth from future microbial invasion. Root canals and their associated pulp chamber are the physical hollows within a tooth that are naturally inhabited by nerve tissue, blood vessels and other cellular entities which together constitute the dental pulp. Endodontic therapy involves the removal of these structures, the subsequent shaping, cleaning, and decontamination of the hollows with small files and irrigating solutions, and the obturation (filling) of the decontaminated canals with an inert filling such as gutta-percha and typically a eugenol-based cement. Epoxy resin is employed to bind gutta-percha in some root canal procedures. Endodontics includes both primary and secondary endodontic treatments as well as periradicular surgery, as applied to teeth that still have potential for salvage.