Embryonic stem cells are created from leftover embryos that are willingly donated by patients from fertility clinics.

胚胎干细胞可以从多余的胚胎细胞中获得，这些胚胎细胞是由生育诊所里一些愿意捐赠的患者那里获得的。

Embryonic stem cells, in particular, are “pluripotent”, meaning they are able to become any other type of cell.

“多能的”胚胎干细胞被再生医学家们寄予厚望，所谓“多能”就意味着这些干细胞可以分化出多种其他类型的细胞。

Unlike tissue-specific stem cells, embryonic stem cells are pluripotent.

与组织特异性干细胞不同，胚胎干细胞有很多种功能。

Medulloblastomas originate from embryonic stem cells and they tend to be extremely aggressive.

髓母细胞瘤来源于胚胎干细胞，它们往往极具侵袭性。

Like embryonic stem cells, they, too, can become any kind of cell in the body.

类似于胚胎干细胞，它们也能够成为身体里任何种类的细胞。

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

我对干细胞研究很多, 胚胎干细胞尤其强大。

Japanese researchers have grown teeth and even organs with embryonic stem cells from rats and mice.

日本研究人员已经利用老鼠和小鼠的胚胎干细胞培育出了牙齿和胰腺、肾脏等器官。

Surgeons in London have used human embryonic stem cells in a pioneering attempt to cure blindness.

伦敦外科医生利用人类胚胎干细胞治愈失明。

These are regular skin, fat, liver, or other cells that scientists have changed to behave like embryonic stem cells.

这些细胞可以是普通的表皮、脂肪、肝或者其他种类的细胞，而科学家们已经能够将它们转变为具有胚胎干细胞功能的细胞。

Geron, just last year, started the first trial using human embryonic stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries.

杰龙去年开始第一次尝试用人类的胚胎干细胞治疗脊髓疾病。

Until now, two kinds of stem cells of human sources have been known: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

目前已知的人类干细胞有两种：胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞。

So we started with a set of nearly 50 different specifications that we generated from experimental observations of embryonic stem cells.

我们从一套大约有 50 个不同的技术规范开始，这些是我们从对 ES 细胞的实验观察值中得出的。

Embryonic stem cell has the ability to differentiate into any necessary type of body cells, while adult stem cell has limited differentiation of cells specific only to its tissue origin.

胚胎干细胞有能力分化为任何必要类型的身体细胞，而成体干细胞的分化仅限于其组织来源的细胞。

In November, for example, a company in California cancelled what had been the first trial of human embryonic stem cells, in those with spinal injuries.

例如，去年11月，一家位于加州的公司取消了原定的首例人胚胎干细胞在脊髓损伤者身上的试验。

Dr Schwartz and his team coaxed embryonic stem cells to become retinal pigment epithelium tissue which supports the rod and cone cells that actually respond to light

他的团队诱导胚胎干细胞成为视网膜色素上皮组织细胞－其中的杆细胞及锥晶细胞对光线敏感。

It is ending (or selling, if it can find a buyer) a project that was testing embryonic stem cells as a treatment for people paralysed by injuries to their spinal cords.

该公司准备停止（或出售，若是它找到了买家）一个项目，该项目原本要测试胚胎干细胞治疗由于脊髓受伤而瘫痪的患者的效果。

This is the embryonic stem cells are derived from the material that has its own quantifiable issues around risk of cancer.

这是胚胎干细胞来自于有自身可量化的关于癌症风险的物质。

In experiments, researchers showed they could make embryonic stem cells become lung tissue. They used proteins that tell the body's master cells to become lung tissue.

在实验中，研究人员表明他们可以使胚胎干细胞变成肺组织。他们使用告诉身体的主细胞变成肺组织的蛋白质。

So we wanted to understand the biological program running inside an embryonic stem cell, and understanding the computation performed by a living system starts with asking a devastatingly simple question: What is it that system actually has to do?

所以我们想要了解在 ES 细胞中运行的生物程序，而且，了解该生物系统中所运行的计算始于提出一个极为简单的问题：这个系统到底需要做什么？

Emily Book reports, the American researchers were trying to prove that it's possible to use the cloning technology to make embryonic stem cells that match patient's DNA.

美国研究人员试图证明利用克隆技术制造匹配的胚胎干细胞是可能的。