弹射椅（或称弹射座椅），是飞行员用的座椅，可在紧急情况下将飞行员弹离飞行器并使其安全着陆的航空救生设备。

弹射椅由德国人于第二次世界大战时所发明，当时制造商已预算将来战斗机逃脱成功率因高速而越来越低（有可能在坠落途中驾驶员用传统逃生方式时会被螺旋桨打到），故开始研发合适的救生设备。弹射椅初采用压缩空气作弹射动力，但发展气密保持技术的困难和动力不足都让此类首款「0代弹射椅」终告失败。及后科学家利用火箭动力，成功研发「1代弹射椅」。此款弹射椅约在1943至1944年量产，第一批被安装的飞机应该是He-162、He-219、Do-335（最先装的可能是He-162）。及至现代，弹射椅已为全自动进程设备，飞行员只要拉动弹射手柄，从座椅弹出至乘降落伞着陆全都会按进程自动完成。

In aircraft, an ejection seat or ejector seat is a system designed to rescue the pilot or other crew of an aircraft (usually military) in an emergency. In most designs, the seat is propelled out of the aircraft by an explosive charge or rocket motor, carrying the pilot with it. The concept of an ejectable escape crew capsule has also been tried. Once clear of the aircraft, the ejection seat deploys a parachute. Ejection seats are common on certain types of military aircraft.