有效核电荷
有效核电荷是指在多电子原子中,某一个电子所受的净正电荷。这个概念是基于屏蔽作用理论而存在:由于共同带有负电荷的内外层电子之间存在排斥力,内层电子“阻挡”了一部分外层电子与原子核之间的正负电荷吸引力。应用这个概念,可以直接根据原子的氧化值判断核电荷的强度。
在单电子原子中,电子受到原子核中全部正电荷的吸引(即屏蔽作用不存在)。这种情况下,有效核电荷可以直接应用库仑定律计算。然而,在多电子原子中,处于外层的电子既受到正电荷的吸引,同时也被处于内层带负电荷的电子排斥。此时,其中一个电子所受的有效核电荷可以用以下公式求得:

or
) is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom. The term "effective" is used because the shielding effect of negatively charged electrons prevents higher orbital electrons from experiencing the full nuclear charge of the nucleus due to the repelling effect of inner-layer electrons. The effective nuclear charge experienced by the outer shell electron is also called the core charge. It is possible to determine the strength of the nuclear charge by the oxidation number of the atom.