体外膜氧合（英语：Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation，缩写ECMO，音译俗称「叶克膜」，香港称「人工肺」）是一种医疗急救设备，用以暂时协助大部份医疗方法皆无效的重度心肺衰竭患者进行体外的呼吸与循环。叶克膜除了能暂时替代患者的心肺功能，减轻患者心肺负担之外，也能为医疗人员争取更多救治时间。叶克膜用于孩童患者因容易产生并发症，所以可用辅助期一般仅约一周至十数日而已，而用于成人患者的辅助期则较长，台大医院有病人曾经在2008年1月30日创下117天使用叶克膜仍存活的世界纪录。

In intensive care medicine, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is an extracorporeal technique of providing both cardiac and respiratory support to persons whose heart and lungs are unable to provide an adequate amount of gas exchange to sustain life. This intervention has mostly been used on children, but it is seeing more use in adults with cardiac and respiratory failure. ECMO works by removing blood from the person's body and artificially removing the carbon dioxide and oxygenating red blood cells. Generally it is only used in the later treatment of a person with heart or lung failure as it is solely a life-sustaining intervention. Cardiopulmonary bypass is generally used for shorter-term treatment.