近东问题（Eastern Question），是欧洲近代史上围绕鄂图曼土耳其帝国衰落，而出现的一连串的政治及外交问题。近东问题并非单指一个问题，而是包括出现于18、19及20世纪的多方面问题，当中包含了鄂图曼土耳其帝国治下的欧洲地区的不稳定。

一般认为近东问题始于1774年，当时发生了第五次俄土战争（1768-1774年）。鄂图曼帝国在这场战争中惨败于俄国手上。欧洲各国有见鄂图曼帝国的崩解可能逼在眉睫，于是各国展开不同争斗，以确保自己在土耳其境内的军事、战略及商业利益。对于鄂图曼帝国的衰败，俄罗斯帝国认为是对她有利；而英国及奥地利则认为，保留鄂图曼帝国则是最符合她们的利益。近东问题于一次大战以后完结，其中一个后果就是鄂图曼帝国的瓦解。不过直至今日，巴尔干半岛仍是欧洲最不稳定的地区，诸如科索沃问题等民族冲突，在某种程度上均可视为近东问题的延续。

In diplomatic history, the "Eastern Question" refers to the strategic competition and political considerations of the European Great Powers in light of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries. Characterized as the "sick man of Europe", the once-dominant Ottoman Empire was mired in a period of stagnation and decline which threatened to undermine the fragile balance of power system largely shaped by the Concert of Europe. The Eastern Question encompassed myriad interrelated elements: Ottoman military defeats, Ottoman institutional insolvency, the failed Ottoman political and economic modernization programme, the rise of ethno-religious nationalism in its provinces, and Great Power rivalries.