The lower mantle may be a thick fluid, but unlike Earth's mantle, the upper part is solid.

底层的地幔可能是浓稠的流体，但与地球的地幔不同，其上地幔是固体。

Deep below a volcano, beneath the Earth's mantle, is a magma chamber waiting to blow skyward.

在火山的深处，在地幔之下，是一个正等待着喷向天空的岩浆库。

But they don't just use the heat from the Earth's mantle so they can take a dip.

但是，这些来自于地幔层的热量不只是被用来让人们畅游大海。

For one, there could be some kind of carbon-containing sediment deep within the Earth's mantle, that never saw the light of day.

一是，地幔深处有某些从未面世的含碳沉积物。

Most of them formed a billion or more years ago, deep in the Earth's mantle.

它们中的大多数形成于 10 亿年或更久以前，位于地幔深处。

Now all that carbon trapped in the sediment is now being pushed back into the Earth's mantle.

现在，所有困在沉积物中的碳都被推回到地幔中。

Aladdin sequel, the Afar plume is a part of the Earth’s mantle that has been heated by underground magma.

阿拉丁续集， 阿法尔地幔柱是地幔的一部分，已被地下岩浆加热。

And rocks like that are rare—you typically only see them in places where material from the Earth's mantle has been pushed to the surface.

这种岩石非常罕见——通常只形成于地幔物质被带到地表的地方。

But the trenches are formed when one tectonic plate hits another one and drives it down into the Earth's mantle.

但是当一个构造板块撞击另一个构造板块并将其向下推入地幔时，就会形成沟槽。

The surface of the Earth is completely liquefied, and the core of the impacting body penetrates the Earth's mantle, becoming part of the Earth's core.

地球表面完全液化，撞击体的核穿透地幔，成为地核的一部分。

And all these faults are subject to varying gravitational forces, as well as the currents of hot rocks moving throughout Earth's mantle.

所有这些断层都受到不同重力作用的影响，同时还受到地幔层流动的热岩浆的影响。

Basically, something like 60ish miles or 100ish kilometers beneath the ground is the earth’s mantle and this mantle is full of super-hot magma.

基本上， 地下 60 英里或 100 公里左右的地方就是地幔，而地幔充满了超热岩浆。

Often, this molten rock forms in areas where ocean water is able to slip into the Earth's mantle and lower the layer's melting point.

通常，这种熔岩形成于海水能够滑入地幔并降低该层熔点的区域。

And because that core is separated from the Earth's mantle by a liquid outer core, it allows the inner core to potentially rotate at a different speed from Earth's crust.

由于内地核与地幔之间隔着一层液态的外地核，这使得内地核能够以不同于地壳表面的速度进行旋转。

Earth's crust is made from several vast, jagged slabs of rock called tectonic plates, each riding on a hot, partially molten layer of Earth's mantle.

地壳是由几块巨大的，周围呈锯齿状的岩石板块组成，我们称之为构造板块，每个板块都浮在高温半融化的地幔层（软流层）之上。

The rock that made up the kopje was formed over  100 miles deep within the Earth's mantle under immense pressures – a veritable crucible of  diamond formation.

构成小丘的岩石是在巨大压力下在地幔深处 100 英里处形成的——名副其实的钻石形成坩埚。

The more popular explanation for the first continent formation points the finger at plumes of hot matter rising from the Earth's mantle to the surface, much like bubbles in a lava lamp.

对于第一个大陆形成，更流行的解释是热物质从地幔上升到地表，很像熔岩灯中的气泡。

Much less is known about them, but in a way it is as if the Earth's mantle has weather patterns and mantle plumes are a little like hot air rising to form storm clouds.

我们对它们的了解不多，但某程度上说，就好像地幔有天气型态然后这些地幔热柱有点像热空气上升形成暴风云一样。

Sometime around 85 million years ago, a volcanic plume from deep within the Earth's molten mantle layer managed to extend from the Earth's mantle and through the crust and into the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.

大约在 8500 万年前的某个时候，来自地球熔融地幔层深处的火山羽流成功地从地幔中延伸出来，穿过地壳，进入太平洋底部。

Given all the factors that conspire to limit the height of mountains, for example, sinking into the earth's mantle, fractures, and erosion — I wouldn't bet on our tallest mountains getting too much taller than they already are.

综合所有共同限制山脉高度的因素，沉入地曼断裂和腐蚀，我打赌我们能有的最高山，比现在已经存在的山要高很多。