荷兰病（荷语：Hollandse ziekte）是一个和自然资源与经济发展相关的术语。是指由于出口自然资源，导致货币汇率上升，因而工业出口减少、国内制造业衰退的现象。

在1973年发生第一次石油危机之后，欧洲天然气出口大国荷兰由于能源价格高涨而从天然气出口中获得大量收入，这些收入大大提高了国家社会福利程度。

然而，随着天然气出口的增加，荷兰本国货币荷兰盾的汇率也随之上升，劳动者薪水也同时上涨，导致生产成本大幅攀升，工业产品的国际竞争力急速下滑，造成经济恶化。伴随着经济恶化，由于经济增长时期大幅提高的社会保障体系负担对政府财政产生了巨大压力，财政赤字也随之急速增加。

In economics, the Dutch disease is the apparent causal relationship between the increase in the economic development of a specific sector (for example natural resources) and a decline in other sectors (like the manufacturing sector or agriculture). The putative mechanism is that as revenues increase in the growing sector (or inflows of foreign aid), the given nation's currency becomes stronger (appreciates) compared to currencies of other nations (manifest in an exchange rate). This results in the nation's other exports becoming more expensive for other countries to buy, and imports becoming cheaper, making those sectors less competitive.