干馏，又称碳化（Carbonization，其他的“碳化作用”是指钢筋混凝土失效形式的一种术语）、炭化（Charring）、焦化（Torrefaction），是指固体或有机物在隔绝空气条件下加热分解的反应过程或加热固体物质来制取液体或气体（通常会变为固体）产物的一种方式。

这个过程不一定会涉及到裂解或热解。

与通常蒸馏相比，这个过程需要更高的温度。使用干馏可以从炭或生物质（如木材等含木质纤维素之物质）中提取液态燃料。干馏也可以通过热解来分解矿物质盐，例如对硫酸盐干馏可以产生二氧化硫和三氧化硫，溶于水后就可以得到硫酸；对煤干馏，可得焦炭、煤焦油、粗氨水、煤气。

Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). The method may not involve Pyrolysis or Thermolysis. The products are condensed and collected. This method usually requires higher temperatures than classical distillation. The method has been used to obtain liquid fuels from coal and wood. It can also be used to break down mineral salts such as sulfates through thermolysis, in this case producing sulfur dioxide/sulfur trioxide gas which can be dissolved in water to obtain sulfuric acid. By this method sulfuric acid was first identified and artificially produced. When substances of vegetable origin, e.g. coal, oil shale, peat or wood, are heated in the absence of air (dry distillation), they decompose into gas, liquid products and coke/charcoal. The yield and chemical nature of the decomposition products depend on the nature of the raw material and the conditions under which the dry distillation is done. Decomposition within a temperature range of 450 to about 600°C is called Carbonization or low-temperature degassing. At temperatures above 900°C, the process is called Coking or high-temperature degassing. If coal is gasified to make coal gas or carbonized to make coke then Coal tar is among the by-products.