单峰骆驼（学名：Camelus dromedarius）是一种大型的偶蹄目动物，产于非洲北部、亚洲西部与南部，亦有部分是来自非洲之角、苏丹共和国、埃塞俄比亚和索马里。然而，现今的野生骆驼仅有澳大利亚的澳洲野生骆驼及南美洲的美洲驼。。

单峰骆驼是骆驼科中最为人所知的成员，而骆驼科中的其他成员有南美洲的骆马属和羊驼属的几种美洲驼。单峰骆驼的背上仅有一个骆峰，跟背上有两个骆峰的双峰骆驼有着明显的不同。有时单峰骆驼亦会被称为阿拉伯骆驼（Arabian Camel）。一些人仍旧认为单峰骆驼的英语「dromedary」只适用于赛跑的骆驼（此名来自希腊语，意为「奔跑」）。在奥克兰动物园（Oakland Zoo）的网站上有这么一句话：

The dromedary (/ˈdrɒmədɛri/ or /-ədri/), also called the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), is a large, even-toed ungulate with one hump on its back. It is one of the three species of camel that was given its current binomial name by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The dromedary is the largest camel after the Bactrian camel; adult males stand 1.8–2 m (5.9–6.6 ft) at the shoulder, while females are 1.7–1.9 m (5.6–6.2 ft) tall. Males typically weigh between 400 and 600 kg (880 and 1,320 lb), and females weigh between 300 and 540 kg (660 and 1,190 lb). The species' distinctive features include its long,curved neck, narrow chest, a single hump (compared with two on the Bactrian camel), and long hairs on the throat, shoulders and hump. The coat is generally a shade of brown. The hump, 20 cm (7.9 in) tall or more, is made of fat bound together by fibrous tissue.