大陆漂移学说最初由亚伯拉罕·奥特柳斯在1596年提出，后来德国科学家阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳在1912年加以阐述，中文中“大陆漂移说”、“大陆漂移假说”均指同一概念。这个大胆的学说一直被学界忽视，直至1960年代海洋扩张说出现，令大陆飘移说得以发展，后来更阐述为板块构造理论。

主要内容为远古时代的地球只有一块“泛古陆”或称盘古大陆的庞大陆地，被称为“泛大洋”的水域包围，大约于2亿年以前“泛大陆”开始破裂，到距今约二、三百万年以前，漂移的大陆形成现在的七大洲和五大洋的基本地貌。

值得一提的是大陆漂移学说与板块构造学说有些根本的不同，前者假设推动力是潮汐，后者假想推动力是由于地幔出现对流，拖动板块。

Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, thus appearing to "drift" across the ocean bed. The speculation that continents might have 'drifted' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, but his theory was rejected by some for lack of a mechanism (though this was supplied later by Arthur Holmes) and others because of prior theoretical commitments. The idea of continental drift has been subsumed by the theory of plate tectonics, which explains how the continents move.