斯科特诉桑福德案（Dred Scott v. Sandford， 60 U.S. 393 (1857)，全称德雷德·斯科特诉桑福德案，简称斯科特案）是美国最高法院于1857年判决的一个关于奴隶制的案件，该案的判决严重损害了美国最高法院的威望，更成为南北战争的关键起因之一。南北战争后《美国宪法》增加了《第十三修正案》、《第十四修正案》和《第十五修正案》，从而废除了美国的奴隶制，并规定非裔美国人具有平等公民权。

黑人奴隶德雷德·斯科特随主人到过自由州伊利诺伊和自由准州（Territory）威斯康星，并居住了两年，随后回到蓄奴州密苏里。主人死后，斯科特提起诉讼要求获得自由，案件在密苏里州最高法院和联邦法院被驳回后，斯科特上诉到美国最高法院。美国最高法院审理期间由于《堪萨斯-内布拉斯加法案》（Kansas-Nebraska Act）和“流血的堪萨斯”（Bleeding Kansas）的影响，此案被广泛关注，当选总统詹姆斯·布坎南和后来的总统亚伯拉罕·林肯都在公众场合表示将等待并服从最高法院的判决。经过两次法庭辩论，最终9位**以7：2的票数维持原判，**罗杰·坦尼撰写了判决意见，长达55页，主要论述以下3点：

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S.393(1857), also known simply as the Dred Scott case, was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that "a negro, whose ancestors were imported into [the U.S.], and sold as slaves", whether enslaved or free, could not be an American citizen and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States. Dred Scott, an enslaved man of "the negro African race" who had been taken by his owners to free states and territories, attempted to sue for his freedom. In a 7–2 decision written by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, the court denied Scott's request. The decision was only the second time that the Supreme Court had ruled an Act of Congress to be unconstitutional.